The Cadbury Report, titled Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance, is a report issued by 'The Committee on the Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance' chaired by Adrian Cadbury that sets out recommendations on the arrangement of company boards and accounting systems to mitigate corporate governance risks and failures. The report was published in draft version in May 1992. Its revised and final version was issued in December of the same year.[1] The report's recommendations have been used to varying degrees to establish other codes such as those of the OECD, the European Union, the United States, the World Bank etc.
Cadbury Dairy Milk 2003–2010 2003 saw a new look for Cadbury as a whole with a slightly refreshed Dairy Milk logo and a newly altered Cadbury logo, featuring a swirling purple oval, and a new white, bevelled, slightly squashed typeface, with the 's' removed. Feb 25, 2016 - An apparent candy connoisseur used a computer at the Department of National Defence (DND) to edit Cadbury Caramilk's Wikipedia page to.
- 4References
Background[edit]
Sridhar Arcot and Valentina Bruno in their article called 'In Letter but not in Spirit: An Analysis of Corporate Governance in the UK'[2] explain the background to the Cadbury Committee. Although wrong on the historical facts, as Robert Maxwell died on November 5, 1991[3][4][5] and 'The Committee on the Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance' known as 'The Cadbury Committee' was set up in May 1991 for other reasons than the Maxwell case,[6] it gives an interesting reading of the situation at the time:
Robert Maxwell's death while cruising on the Canary Islands in 1990 shone a spotlight on his company's affairs. A series of risky acquisitions in the mid-eighties had led Maxwell Communications into high debts, which was being financed by diverting resources from the pension funds of his companies. After his disappearance, it emerged that the Mirror Group's debts (one of Maxwell's companies) vastly outweighed its assets, while £440 millions (GBP) were missing from the company's pension funds. Despite the suspicion of manipulation of the pension schemes, there was a widespread feeling in the City of London that no action was taken by UK or US regulators against the Maxwell Communications Corp. Eventually, in 1992 Maxwell's companies filed for bankruptcy protection in the UK and US. At around the same time the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) went bust and lost billions of dollars for its depositors, shareholders and employees. Another company, Polly Peck, reported healthy profits one year while declaring bankruptcy the next.
Following the raft of governance failures, Sir Adrian Cadbury chaired a committee whose aims were to investigate the British corporate governance system and to suggest improvements to restore investor confidence in the system. The Committee was set up in May 1991 by the Financial Reporting Council, the London Stock Exchange, and the accountancy profession. The report embodied recommendations based on practical experiences and with an eye on the US experience, further elaborated after a process of consultation and widely accepted. The final report was released in December 1992 and then applied to listed companies reporting their accounts after 30th June 1993.
History lesson: Cadbury 1992[edit]
According to The National Computing Centre, 2010:
'• Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance
• Division of top responsibilities:
– No one individual has powers of decision
– Majority of independent non-executive directors
– At least three non-executives on the audit committee
(oversee accounting/financial reporting)
– Majority of non-executives on the remuneration committee
– Non-executives to be selected by the whole board'
See also[edit]
- Hampel Report (1998)
- Turnbull Report (1999)
- Higgs Report (2003)
- Smith Report (2003)
- Treadway Commission in the United States
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
- ^'Cambridge Judge Business School : The Cadbury Archive : The Cadbury Report'. cadbury.cjbs.archios.info. Retrieved 2019-01-08.
- ^Available at the SSRN website
- ^https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/the-mystery-of-maxwells-death-469294.html
- ^'Maxwell's body found in sea Special reports guardian.co.uk'. www.theguardian.com. Retrieved 2019-01-08.
- ^Goodman, Geoffrey (2003-11-24). 'Was Robert Maxwell murdered?'. The Guardian. ISSN0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-01-08.
- ^http://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/cadbury/report/
Sources[edit]
- History lesson: Cadbury 1992 © The National Computing Centre 2010.
External links[edit]
| Product type | Confectionery |
|---|---|
| Owner | Cadbury |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Introduced | 1905; 114 years ago |
| Related brands | List of Cadbury products |
| Markets | Worldwide |
Cadbury Dairy Milk is a brand of milk chocolate manufactured by Cadbury. It was introduced in the United Kingdom in 1905 and now consists of a number of products. Every product in the Dairy Milk line is made with exclusively milk chocolate. In 2014, Dairy Milk was ranked the best-selling chocolate bar in the UK.[1] It is manufactured and distributed by the Hershey Company in the US under licence from Cadbury.[2]
- 4Advertising
History[edit]
In June 1905 in Birmingham, England, Cadbury made its first Dairy Milk bar, with a higher proportion of milk than previous chocolate bars, and it became the company's best-selling product by 1914. George Cadbury Junior, responsible for the development of the bar, has said 'All sorts of names were suggested: Highland Milk, Jersey and Dairy Maid. But when a customer’s daughter suggested Dairy Milk, the name stuck.'[3] Fruit and Nut was introduced as part of the Dairy Milk line in 1926, soon followed by Whole Nut in 1930. By this point, Cadbury's was the brand leader in the United Kingdom.[4] In 1928, Cadbury's introduced the 'glass and a half' slogan to accompany the Dairy Milkbar, to advertise the bar's higher milk content.[5]
In September 2012, Cadbury made the decision to change the shape of the bar chunks to a more circular shape in order to reduce the weight. The bar had not seen such a significant change in shape since 1905.
Since 2007 Cadbury had a trademark in the United Kingdom for the distinctive purple colour (Pantone 2865C) of its chocolate bar wrappers,[6] originally introduced in 1914 as a tribute to Queen Victoria.[7] In October 2013, however, an appeal by Nestlé succeeded in overturning that court ruling.[8]
In July 2018, Cadbury announced it would launch a new Dairy Milk version with 30% less sugar. The chief nutritionist of Public Health England, Dr Alison Tedstone, said she was 'pleased that Mondelez is the latest … name' to offer 'healthier' products.[9]
Bars[edit]
The original Dairy Milk bar ('with a glass and a half of fresh milk') was launched in 1905.
Variant bars include Caramel, 'Fruit & Nut' (a bar with raisins and almonds), 'Whole Nut' (with hazelnuts), 'Dairy Milk Silk' and a bar with a Turkish delight centre. Dairy Milk Ritz, a bar with salty Ritz crackers was launched in the United Kingdom in 2014. Alongside this new bar, Dairy Milk with LU biscuits was also launched.
A Vegemite flavored bar, which consists of milk chocolate, caramel, and Vegemite (5%), was launched in Australia in 2015.
In 1986 the glass and a half symbol appeared on the front of the Irish Dairy Milk wrapper.
Ingredients and tastes for local markets[edit]
According to a 2007 report in The New York Times, a British bar contained (in order) milk, sugar, cocoa mass, cocoa butter, vegetable fat and emulsifiers, whilst the American version manufactured by Hershey started its list of ingredients with sugar. It also listed lactose, emulsifier soy lecithin, and “natural and artificial flavorings'.[2] Cadbury supplied itschocolate crumb to Hershey, which then added cocoa butter during processing.[2] According to its spokesman, Cadbury tries to adapt the taste of the product to that which local consumers are accustomed, meaning more akin to a Hershey bar for the US market.[2]
There is a variation of taste between the UK Cadbury-produced products and the equivalents produced by Irish Cadbury; the same can be said for locally produced Cadbury products elsewhere in the world.
Advertising[edit]
Pre-2007 advertising[edit]
In Ireland Cadbury Dairy Milk used the jingle 'The Perfect Word For Chocolate' (1986-1988) between (1989-1996) the popular jingle 'The Choice Is Yours The Taste Is Cadbury' with the 'Mysteries of Love' was a popular advert through them years. The song Show Me Heaven used in 1996 advert with the jingle 'Tastes Like Heaven'.
Cadbury has always tried to keep a strong association with milk, with slogans such as 'a glass and a half of full cream milk in every half pound' and advertisements that feature a glass of milk pouring out and forming the bar.
In 2004, Cadbury started a series of television advertisements in the United Kingdom and Ireland featuring a human and an animal (representing the human's happiness) debating whether to eat one of a range of included bars.
Cadbury Dairy Milk Wikipedia
Glass and a Half Full Productions (2007–2011)[edit]
In 2007, Cadbury launched a new advertising campaign entitled Gorilla, from a new in-house production company called 'Glass And A Half Full Productions'.[10] The advert was premièred during the season finale of Big Brother 2007, and consists of a gorilla at a drum kit, drumming along to the Phil Collins song 'In the Air Tonight'.[11] The advert has over twenty million views on YouTube, and put the Phil Collins song back into the UK charts.
On 28 March 2008, the second Dairy Milk advert produced by Glass and a Half Full Productions aired. The ad, entitled 'Trucks' features several trucks at night on an empty runway at an airport racing to the tune of Queen's 'Don't Stop Me Now'.[12] The ad campaign ran at the same time as the problems at Heathrow Terminal 5 with baggage handling; in the advert baggage was scattered across the runway.[13]
On 5 September 2008, the Gorilla advert was relaunched with a new soundtrack – Bonnie Tyler's 'Total Eclipse of the Heart' – a reference to online mash-ups of the commercial. Similarly, a version of the truck advert appeared, using Bon Jovi's song 'Livin' on a Prayer'. Both remakes premiered once again during the finale of Big Brother 2008.[14]
In January 2009, 'Eyebrows', the third advert in the series, was released, of two children moving their eyebrows up and down rapidly to a set electro-funk beat: 'Don't Stop the Rock' featuring Leah McArdle and Bradley Ford. Freestyle.[15]
In April 2010, a fourth advert aired, entitled 'Chocolate Charmer', containing a scientist mixing milk and chocolate to make a dairy milk bar to the tune of 'The Only One I Know' by The Charlatans. This was subtly different to the others as it did not feature the 'A Glass and a Half Full Production' title card at the start.
In April 2011, a fifth advert aired, known as 'Charity Shop' or 'Dancing Clothes', featuring dancing clothes at a charity shop to the tune of 'We Don't Have to Take Our Clothes Off' by Jermaine Stewart. This exposed the song to a new generation who downloaded the track and returned the song to the UK Top 40 so far reaching no. 29. This ad also marks the return of the Glass and a Half Full title card.
Glass and a Half Full Records[edit]
A new 'record label' was launched as part of the Glass and a Half Full Productions campaign. The first song released was Zingolo featuring Tinny, to promote Fairtrade Dairy Milk. A full music video was made incorporating the 60-second ads, as well as a Facebook page.
Joyville (2012–present)[edit]
The 2012 campaign focuses on an 'organisation made to bring joy to people'. Chocolate fountains were put in shopping centres such as Westfield London and the first ad focused on the relaunch of Dairy Milk Bubbly. During the campaign in 2012, Cadbury Dairy Milk was launched in new flavours such as Toffee Popcorn, Golden Biscuit Crunch (an exclusive to Sainsburys), Nutty Caramel and also Cadbury Dairy Milk with Oreo. Along with the new flavours, Cadbury also launched two new Bubbly bars including a mini version and a Mint Bubbly.[citation needed] Cadbury has also launched Crispello and, most recently, launched 'Marvellous Creations' in the UK.
In addition, Cadbury also brought the Joyville concept into Asia where Singapore Bloggers were invited to join in and spread the love.[16]
In 2014, Joyville was replaced with the 'Free The Joy' campaign. The song in a television advert is 'Yes Sir, I Can Boogie' by Baccara.[17] A new design was launched for Dairy Milk (and its variants) inviting consumers to scan an on-pack QR code and visit a website featuring 'Free The Joy' moments.
Marketing in India[edit]
Cadbury has enjoyed a substantial fan base in India. The Dairy Milk primarily is a huge success. Initially, the company had appointed Amitabh Bachchan as the brand ambassador in 2004.[18] However the brand soon faced a significant backlash with worms being spotted in the chocolate bars.[19] With its new campaigns however the company did get back on its feet.[20] Cadbury is known for its marketing campaigns in India that have known to instill a sense of playfulness and innocence with its campaigns. One campaign that promoted the product by using the country's love for cricket[21] was very successful. The ad is noted to be the best advertisement made in India by the Times of India.[22] Another famous campaign hosted by the company in the past was the 'Shubh Aarambh' Campaign. This campaign made use of the traditional practice of Indian households of having something sweet before every auspicious occasion. It is a traditional belief that this leads to a favourable outcome for the people. This campaign was also a huge hit and positioned Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolates as part of a family name.[23] Cadbury today holds 70% of the market share of the chocolate industry in the country.[24]
Grey imports[edit]
In 2015, Hershey's blocked imports of overseas-made Cadbury chocolate and other confectionery to the US that infringed on its trademark licensing in a settlement with a grey importer.[25] British Dairy Milk has been blind taste-tested as providing a creamier taste and texture with the Hershey's made chocolate leaving a less pleasing coating on the tongue and somewhat of a stale aftertaste.[26]
Recalls[edit]
Cadbury was fined GB£1 million in July 2007 due to its products having been found to have been at risk of infection with salmonella (at a factory in Marlbrook, Herefordshire). It spent a further £30 million decontaminating the factory.[27]
On 14 September 2007, Cadbury Schweppes investigated a manufacturing error over allergy warnings, recalling for the second time in two years thousands of chocolate bars. A printing mistake at the Keynsham factory resulted in the omission of nut allergy labels from 250g Dairy Milk Double Chocolate bars.
The 2008 Chinese milk scandal affected Cadbury, when much of the Cadbury Dairy Milk manufactured in mainland China was tainted with melamine. Although it can be safely used in plastic manufacturing, melamine is toxic, particularly to infants.[28]
In 2003 worms were found in the chocolate bars in India.[29] Widespread outrage brought by the state media halted production for a few days. Amitabh Bachchan, who was then the Brand ambassador, was also not spared. The company turned it around with new packaging and the brand had a rebirth.
See also[edit]
Cadbury 5 Star Chocolate Wikipedia
References[edit]
- ^'Top 10 selling chocolate bars in the UK'. Wales Online. Retrieved 28 December 2014
- ^ abcdSeverson, Kim (11 July 2007). 'The World's Best Candy Bars? English, of Course'. The New York Times. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
- ^'The History of Chocolate'. The Story. cadbury.co.uk. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
- ^Ascribed to Cadbury plc. (19 January 2010). 'A history of Cadbury's sweet success'. London: Times Online. Retrieved 30 May 2010.
- ^begins in Cadbury Dairy Milk adsArchived 16 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Cadbury plc website. Accessed 30 May 2010.
- ^Rebecca Smithers. 'Cadbury hits a purple patch with legal victory to secure trademark Business'. The Guardian. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
- ^Finance (1 October 2012). 'Cadbury defeats Nestlé in battle for purple wrapper'. London: Telegraph. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
- ^'BBC News - Cadbury loses legal fight over use of colour purple'. Bbc.co.uk. 4 October 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
- ^Wood, Zoe. 'Cadbury to launch Dairy Milk bar with 30% less sugar'. The Guardian. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
- ^'Cadbury Dairy Milk — Glass and a Half Full Productions'. Aglassandahalffullproductions.com. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
- ^'Advertising: Spot the link between a gorilla and chocolate — Media, News — The Independent'. London: News.independent.co.uk. 14 May 2007. Archived from the original on 6 July 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
- ^Jasbir Authi (28 March 2008). 'News — Birmingham News — New Cadbury advert to be broadcast tonight'. Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
- ^Ad Breakdown (28 May 2008). 'UK Magazine Water on the brains'. BBC News. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
- ^Sweney, Mark (5 September 2008). 'Cadbury brings back gorilla ad with Bonnie Tyler remix'. guardian.co.uk. London: Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
- ^'Video: Watch Cadbury's 'eyebrow dance' ad Media guardian.co.uk'. London: Guardian. 23 January 2009. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
- ^'Spreading the Joy with Cadbury Joyville Bus'. Archived from the original on 1 January 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
- ^'Cadbury Dairy Milk – Office'. TV Ad Music. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
- ^'Cadbury ropes in Amitabh as its brand ambassador - The Economic Times'. The Economic Times. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
- ^'Worms creep out of Cadbury - Times of India'. The Times of India. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
- ^Zachariah, Reeba (3 July 2004). 'Cadbury recovers from worm shock'. Business Standard India. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
- ^16, Aayush Bhardwaj on February; Said, 2011 at 11:13 Pm (16 February 2011). 'Brand Analysis: Cadbury's Dairy Milk : A journey of success'. Marketing Brainstorm. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
- ^'Cadbury Dairy Milk - Top 10 advertisements of all time The Times of India'. The Times of India. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
- ^indiainfoline.com. 'Cadbury Dairy Milk launches a new campaign 'Shubh Aarambh''. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
- ^'Cadbury India'. business.mapsofindia.com. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
- ^Schlossberg, Tatiana (23 January 2015). 'After a Deal, British Chocolates Won't Cross the Pond'. The New York Times. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
- ^Schlossberg, Tatiana (23 January 2015). 'After a Deal, British Chocolates Won't Cross the Pond'. The New York Times. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
- ^Pagnamenta, Robin (15 September 2007). 'Cadbury recalls thousands of chocolate bars after error over allergy warning'. The Times. Archived from the original on 30 May 2010. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
- ^[1] Ruwitch, John (5 October 2008). 'Hong Kong finds melamine in two Cadbury products'. Reuters. Retrieved 5 October 2008. Reuters
- ^'How Cadbury's won the battle of worms'. www.rediff.com.
