30.08.2019
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  • 1Endoparasites
    • 1.2Helminths (worms)

Endoparasites[edit]

Protozoan organisms[edit]

Sometimes, stool from a human affected by these parasitic worms will contain eggs and segments of tapeworm. The most common reason for humans getting tapeworms is ingesting contaminated food or water that has tapeworm eggs. In many cases, signs of a tapeworm infection occur months or even years after the tapeworm entered the human body.

Common name of organism or diseaseLatin name (sorted)Body parts affectedDiagnostic specimenPrevalenceSource/Transmission (Reservoir/Vector)
Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis and Acanthamoeba keratitis (eye infection)Acanthamoeba spp.eye, brain, skincultureworldwidecontact lenses cleaned with contaminated tap water
Granulomatous amoebic encephalitisBalamuthia mandrillarisbrain, skincultureworldwidevia inhalation or skin lesion
BabesiosisBabesiaB. divergens, B. bigemina, B. equi, B. microfti, B. duncanired blood cellsGiemsa-stained thin blood smearNew England (different species have worldwide distribution)tick bites, e.g. Ixodes scapularis
BalantidiasisBalantidium coliintestinal mucosa, may become invasive in some patientsstool (diarrhea=ciliated trophozoite; solid stool=large cyst with horseshoe shaped nucleus)ingestion of cyst, zoonotic infection acquired from pigs (feces)
BlastocystosisBlastocystis spp.intestinaldirect microscopy of stool (PCR, antibody) • worldwide: one of the most common human parasites[1][2]
• United States: infected ~23% of the population during year 2000[1][3]
• Developing regions: infects 40–100% of the total populations[1][2][4]
eating food contaminated with feces from an infected human or animal
CryptosporidiosisCryptosporidium spp.intestinesstoolwidespreadingestion of oocyst (sporulated), some species are zoonotic (e.g. bovine fecal contamination)
CyclosporiasisCyclospora cayetanensisintestinesstoolUnited Statesingestion of oocyst thru contaminated food
DientamoebiasisDientamoeba fragilisintestinesstoolup to 10% in industrialized countriesingesting water or food contaminated with feces
AmoebiasisEntamoeba histolyticaintestines (mainly colon, but can cause liver failure if not treated)stool (fresh diarrheic stools have amoeba, solid stool has cyst)areas with poor sanitation, high population density and tropical regionsfecal-oral transmission of cyst, not amoeba
GiardiasisGiardia lamblialumen of the small intestinestoolworldwide?ingestion of water containing deer or beaver feces
IsosporiasisIsospora belliepithelial cells of small intestinesstoolworldwide – less common than Toxoplasma or Cryptosporidiumfecal oral route – ingestion of sporulated oocyst
LeishmaniasisLeishmania spp.cutaneous, mucocutaneous, or visceralvisual identification of lesion or microscopic stain with Leishman's or Giemsa's stainvisceral leishmaniasis – worldwide; cutaneous leishmaniasis – Old World; mucocutaneous leishmaniasis – New WorldPhlebotomus, Lutzomyia – bite of several species of phlebotomine sandflies
Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM)[5][6]Naegleria fowleribraincultureunknown, but infection is rarenasal insufflation of contaminated warm fresh water, poorly chlorinated swimming pools, hot springs, soil
MalariaPlasmodium falciparum (80% of cases), Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale curtisi, Plasmodium ovale wallikeri, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium knowlesired blood cells, liverblood filmtropical – 250 million cases/yearAnopheles mosquito
RhinosporidiosisRhinosporidium seeberinose, nasopharynxbiopsyIndia and Sri Lankanasal mucosa came into contact with infected material through bathing in common ponds
SarcocystosisSarcocystis bovihominis,Sarcocystis suihominisintestine, musclemuscle biopsywidespreadingestion of uncooked/undercooked beef/pork with Sarcocystissarcocysts
Toxoplasmosis (Acute and Latent)Toxoplasma gondiieyes, brain, heart, liverblood and PCRworldwide: one of the most common human parasites; estimated to infect between 30–50% of the global population.[7][8]ingestion of uncooked/undercooked pork/lamb/goat with Toxoplasmabradyzoites, ingestion of raw milk with Toxoplasmatachyzoites, ingestion of contaminated water food or soil with oocysts in cat feces that is more than one day old
TrichomoniasisTrichomonas vaginalisfemale urogenital tract (males asymptomatic)microscopic examination of genital swabworldwidesexually transmitted infection – only trophozoite form (no cysts)
Sleeping sicknessTrypanosoma bruceibrain and bloodmicroscopic examination of chancre fluid, lymph node aspirates, blood, bone marrow50,000 to 70,000 people; only found in Africatsetse fly, day-biting fly of the genus Glossina
Chagas diseaseTrypanosoma cruzicolon, esophagus, heart, nerves, muscle and bloodGiemsa stain – bloodMexico, Central America, South America – 16–18 millionTriatoma/Reduviidae – 'kissing bug' insect vector, feeds at night

Helminths (worms)[edit]

Helminth organisms (also called helminths or intestinal worms) include: Dil dil pakistan download mp3mad.

Tapeworms[edit]

Common name of organism or diseaseLatin name (sorted)Body parts affectedDiagnostic specimenPrevalenceTransmission/Vector
Tapeworm – Tapeworm infectionCestoda, Taenia multicepsintestinestoolrare worldwide
Diphyllobothriasis – tapewormDiphyllobothrium latumintestines, bloodstool (microscope)Europe, Japan, Uganda, Peru, Chileingestion of raw fresh water fish
Echinococcosis – tapewormEchinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, E. vogeli, E. oligarthrusliver, lungs, kidney, spleenimaging of hydatid cysts in the liver, lungs, kidney and spleenMediterranean countriesas intermediate host, ingestion of material contaminated by feces from a carnivore; as definite host, ingestion of uncooked meat (offal) from a herbivore
Hymenolepiasis[9]Hymenolepis nana, Hymenolepis diminutaingestion of material contaminated by flour beetles, mealworms, cockroaches
Beef tapewormTaenia saginataIntestinesstoolworldwide distributioningestion of undercooked beef
Cysticercosis-Pork tapewormTaenia soliumBrain, muscle, Eye (Cysts in conjuntiva/anterior chamber/sub-retinal space)stool, bloodAsia, Africa, South America, Southern Europe, North America.ingestion of undercooked pork
BertielliasisBertiella mucronata, Bertiella studeriIntestinesstoolrarecontact with non-human primates
SparganosisSpirometra erinaceieuropaeiingestion of material contaminated with infected dog or cat feces (humans: dead-end host)

Intestinal Worms In Humans

Flukes[edit]

Common name of organism or diseaseLatin name (sorted)Body parts affectedDiagnostic specimenPrevalenceTransmission/Vector
ClonorchiasisClonorchis sinensis; Clonorchis viverrinigall bladder ducts and inflammation of liverEast Asiaingestion of under prepared freshwater fish
Lancet liver flukeDicrocoelium dendriticumgall bladderrareingestion of ants
Liver fluke – Fasciolosis[10]Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola giganticaliver, gall bladderstoolFasciola hepatica in Europe, Africa, Australia, the Americas and Oceania; Fasciola gigantica only in Africa and Asia, 2.4 million people infected by both speciesfreshwater snails
Fasciolopsiasis – intestinal fluke[11]Fasciolopsis buskiintestinesstool or vomitus (microscope)East Asia – 10 million peopleingestion of infested water plants or water (intermediate host:amphibic snails)
Metagonimiasis – intestinal flukeMetagonimus yokogawaistoolSiberia, Manchuria, Balkan states, Israel, Spainingestion of undercooked or salted fish
MetorchiasisMetorchis conjunctusCanada, US, Greenlandingestion of raw fish
Chinese liver flukeOpisthorchis viverrini, Opisthorchis felineus, Clonorchis sinensisbile duct1.5 million people in Russiaconsuming infected raw, slightly salted or frozen fish
Paragonimiasis, lung flukeParagonimus westermani; Paragonimus africanus; Paragonimus caliensis; Paragonimus kellicotti; Paragonimus skrjabini; Paragonimus uterobilateralislungssputum, fecesEast Asiaingestion of raw or undercooked freshwater crabs crayfishes or other crustaceans
Schistosomiasis – bilharzia, bilharziosis or snail fever (all types)Schistosoma sp.Africa, Caribbean, eastern South America, east Asia, Middle East – 200 million peopleskin exposure to water contaminated with infected freshwater snails
intestinal schistosomiasisSchistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma intercalatumintestine, liver, spleen, lungs, skin, rarely infects the brainstoolAfrica, Caribbean, South America, Asia, Middle East – 83 million peopleskin exposure to water contaminated with infected Biomphalaria freshwater snails
urinary blood flukeSchistosoma haematobiumkidney, bladder, ureters, lungs, skinurineAfrica, Middle Eastskin exposure to water contaminated with infected Bulinus sp. snails
Schistosomiasis by Schistosoma japonicumSchistosoma japonicumintestine, liver, spleen, lungs, skinstoolChina, East Asia, Philippinesskin exposure to water contaminated with infected Oncomelania sp. snails
Asian intestinal schistosomiasisSchistosoma mekongiSouth East Asiaskin exposure to water contaminated with infected Neotricula aperta – freshwater snails
EchinostomiasisEchinostoma echinatumsmall intestineFar Eastingestion of raw fish, mollusks, snails
Swimmer's itchTrichobilharzia regenti, Schistosomatidaeworldwideskin exposure to contaminated water (snails and vertebrates)

Roundworms[edit]

Common name of organism or diseaseLatin name (sorted)Body parts affectedDiagnostic specimenPrevalenceTransmission/Vector
Ancylostomiasis/HookwormAncylostoma duodenale, Necator americanuslungs, small intestine, bloodstoolcommon in tropical, warm, moist climatespenetration of skin by L3 larva
AngiostrongyliasisAngiostrongylus costaricensisintestinestoolingestion of infected faeces or infected slugs
Anisakiasis[12]Anisakisallergic reactionbiopsyincidental hostingestion of raw fish, squid, cuttlefish, octopus
Roundworm – Parasitic pneumoniaAscaris sp. Ascaris lumbricoidesIntestines, liver, appendix, pancreas, lungs, Löffler's syndromestoolcommon in tropical and subtropical regions
Roundworm – BaylisascariasisBaylisascaris procyonisIntestines, liver, lungs, brain, eyerare: North Americastool from raccoons
Roundworm-lymphatic filariasisBrugia malayi, Brugia timorilymph nodesblood samplestropical regions of Asiaarthropods
Dioctophyme renalis infectionDioctophyme renalekidneys (typically the right)urinerareingestion of undercooked or raw freshwater fish
Guinea worm – DracunculiasisDracunculus medinensissubcutaneous tissues, muscleskin blister/ulcerSouth Sudan (eradication ongoing)
Pinworm – EnterobiasisEnterobius vermicularis, Enterobius gregoriiintestines, anusstool; tape test around anuswidespread; temperate regions
Gnathostomiasis[13]Gnathostoma spinigerum, Gnathostoma hispidumsubcutaneous tissues (under the skin)physical examinationrare – Southeast Asiaingestion of raw or undercooked meat (e.g., freshwater fish, chicken, snails, frogs, pigs) or contaminated water
HalicephalobiasisHalicephalobus gingivalisbrainsoil-contaminated wounds
Loa loa filariasis, Calabar swellingsLoa loa filariaconnective tissue, lungs, eyeblood (Giemsa, haematoxylin, eosin stain)rain forest of West Africa – 12–13 million peopleTabanidae – horsefly, bites in the day
Mansonelliasis, filariasisMansonella streptocercasubcutaneous layer of skininsect
River blindness, onchocerciasisOnchocerca volvulusskin, eye, tissuebloodless skin snipAfrica, Yemen, Central and South America near cool, fast flowing riversSimulium/black fly, bites during the day
Strongyloidiasis – Parasitic pneumoniaStrongyloides stercoralisintestines, lungs, skin (Larva currens)stool, bloodskin penetration
ThelaziasisThelazia californiensis, Thelazia callipaedaeyesocular examinationAsia, EuropeAmiota (Phortica) variegata, Phortica okadai
ToxocariasisToxocara canis, Toxocara cati, Toxascaris leoninaliver, brain, eyes (Toxocara canis – visceral larva migrans, ocular larva migrans)blood, ocular examinationworldwide distributionpica, unwashed food contamined with Toxocara eggs, undercooked livers of chicken
TrichinosisTrichinella spiralis, Trichinella britovi, Trichinella nelsoni, Trichinella nativamuscle, periorbital region, small intestinebloodmore common in developing countries due to improved feeding practices in developed countries.ingestion of undercooked pork
WhipwormTrichuris trichiura, Trichuris vulpislarge intestine, anusstool (eggs)common worldwideaccidental ingestion of eggs in dry goods such as beans, rice, and various grains or soil contaminated with human feces
Elephantiasis – Lymphatic filariasisWuchereria bancroftilymphatic systemthick blood smears stained with hematoxylin.tropical and subtropicalmosquito, bites at night

Other organisms[edit]

Common name of organism or diseaseLatin name (sorted)Body parts affectedDiagnostic specimenPrevalenceTransmission/Vector
AcanthocephaliasisArchiacanthocephala, Moniliformis moniliformisGastrointestinal tract, peritoneum, eyeFaeces, parasite itselfworldwideingestion of intermediate hosts
Halzoun syndromeLinguatula serratanasopharynxphysical examinationMid Eastingestion of raw or undercooked lymph nodes (e.g., meat from infected camels and buffaloes)
MyiasisOestroidea, Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidaedead or living tissue
Screwworm, CochliomyiaCochliomyia hominivorax (family Calliphoridae)skin and woundsvisualNorth America (eradicated), Central America, North Africadirect contact with fly
Chigoe fleaTunga penetransSubcutaneous tissuephysical examinationCentral and South America, Sub-Saharan Africa
Human botflyDermatobia hominisSubcutaneous tissuephysical examinationCentral and South Americamosquitoes and biting flies
Worms

Ectoparasites[edit]

Common name of organism or diseaseLatin name (sorted)Body parts affectedDiagnostic specimenPrevalenceTransmission/Vector
Head louse – PediculosisPediculus humanus capitishair folliclesvisual identification under magnificationcommon worldwidehead-to-head contact
Body louse – PediculosisPediculus humanus humanusvisual identification under magnification (Vagabond's disease)common worldwideskin-to-skin contact such as sexual activity and via sharing clothing or bedding
Crab louse – PediculosisPthirus pubispubic area, eyelashesvisual identification under magnificationcommon worldwideskin-to-skin contact such as sexual activity and via sharing clothing or bedding
Demodex – DemodicosisDemodex folliculorum/brevis/caniseyebrow, eyelashes, skin, face, scalpMicroscopy of eyelash or eyebrow hair follicle, cellophane tape method (CTP), squeezing method, skin scrapingspandemic, worldwideCommensal, prolonged skin-to-skin contact
ScabiesArachnida:Sarcoptes scabieiskinmicroscopy of surface scrapingsworldwideskin-to-skin contact such as sexual activity and via sharing clothing or bedding
'Chiggers' (Trombiculidae) – TrombiculosisArachnida: Trombiculidaeskinvisual identification under magnification, microscopyworldwide (mesic habitats)high grass, weeds
Flea, SiphonapteraPulex irritansskinvisual identification under magnificationworldwideenvironment
BedbugCimicidae: Cimex lectulariusskinvisualworldwidesharing of clothing and bedding
TickArachnida: Ixodidae and Argasidaeskinvisualworldwidehigh grass, leaf litter, weeds

Pinworms In Humans

References[edit]

  1. ^ abcBoorom KF, Smith H, Nimri L, Viscogliosi E, Spanakos G, Parkar U, Li LH, Zhou XN, Ok UZ, Leelayoova S, Jones MS (2008). 'Oh my aching gut: irritable bowel syndrome, Blastocystis, and asymptomatic infection'. Parasit Vectors. 1 (1): 40. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-1-40. PMC2627840. PMID18937874. Blastocystis is now by far the most prevalent mono-infection in symptomatic patients in the United States [14] and was found 28.5 times more often than Giardia lamblia as a mono-infection in symptomatic patients in a 2000 study [14].
    Figure 4: Prevalence of IBS and Blastocystosis by country
  2. ^ abRoberts T, Stark D, Harkness J, Ellis J (May 2014). 'Update on the pathogenic potential and treatment options for Blastocystis sp'. Gut Pathog. 6: 17. doi:10.1186/1757-4749-6-17. PMC4039988. PMID24883113. Blastocystis is one of the most common intestinal protists of humans. .. A recent study showed that 100% of people from low socio-economic villages in Senegal were infected with Blastocystis sp. suggesting that transmission was increased due to poor hygiene sanitation, close contact with domestic animals and livestock, and water supply directly from well and river [10]. ..
    Table 2: Summary of treatments and efficacy for Blastocystis infection
  3. ^Amin OM (2002). 'Seasonal prevalence of intestinal parasites in the United States during 2000'(PDF). Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 66 (6): 799–803. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2002.66.799. PMID12224595. Retrieved 3 January 2016. Parasitologic investigations of large patient populations are rarely conducted in the United States, where the illusion of freedom from parasitic infections still predominates. Such investigations are considerably more common in third-world countries where endemic parasitoses are more readily documented.1 In an attempt to address this problem we reported the results of routine examination of fecal specimens for parasites from 644 patients in the United States during the summer of 1996. ..
    Prevalence. Nine hundred sixteen (32%) of 2,896 tested patients were infected with 18 species of intestinal parasites in the year 2000 (Table 1) in 48 states and the District of Columbia as follows .. Blastocystis hominis was the most frequently detected parasite in single and multiple infections, with Cryptosporidium parvum and Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar ranking second and third, respectively.
  4. ^El Safadi D, Gaayeb L, Meloni D, Cian A, Poirier P, Wawrzyniak I, Delbac F, Dabboussi F, Delhaes L, Seck M, Hamze M, Riveau G, Viscogliosi E (March 2014). 'Children of Senegal River Basin show the highest prevalence of Blastocystis sp. ever observed worldwide'. BMC Infect. Dis. 14: 164. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-164. PMC3987649. PMID24666632.
  5. ^Cogo PE, Scaglia M, Gatti S, Rossetti F, Alaggio R, Laverda AM, et al. Fatal Naegleria fowleri Meningoencephalitis, Italy Emerging Infectious Diseases [serial on the Internet]. 2004 Oct; accessed Jan 2009
  6. ^Bennett, Nicholas John State University of New York Upstate Medical UniversityDomachowske, Joseph; Khan, Asad A Louisiana State University Health Science Center; King, John W; Cross, J Thomas Naegleria eMedicine; accessed Jan 2009
  7. ^Flegr J, Prandota J, Sovičková M, Israili ZH (March 2014). 'Toxoplasmosis—a global threat. Correlation of latent toxoplasmosis with specific disease burden in a set of 88 countries'. PLoS ONE. 9 (3): e90203. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090203. PMC3963851. PMID24662942. Toxoplasmosis is becoming a global health hazard as it infects 30-50% of the world human population. Clinically, the life-long presence of the parasite in tissues of a majority of infected individuals is usually considered asymptomatic. However, a number of studies show that this 'asymptomatic infection' may also lead to development of other human pathologies. .. The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis correlated with various disease burden. Statistical associations does not necessarily mean causality. The precautionary principle suggests however that possible role of toxoplasmosis as a triggering factor responsible for development of several clinical entities deserves much more attention and financial support both in everyday medical practice and future clinical research.
  8. ^Pappas, G; Roussos, N; Falagas, ME (October 2009). 'Toxoplasmosis snapshots: global status of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence and implications for pregnancy and congenital toxoplasmosis'. International Journal for Parasitology. 39 (12): 1385–94. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.04.003. PMID19433092.
  9. ^Tolan, Robert W Jr Hymenolepiasis eMedicine; updated Feb 2008
  10. ^Yılmaz, Hasan; Gödekmerdan, Ahmet (2004), 'Human fasciolosis in Van province, Turkey', Acta Tropica, 92 (2): 161–2, doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2004.04.009, PMID15350869
  11. ^
  12. ^Anisakiasis
  13. ^Tolan, Robert W Gnathostomiasis eMedicine, updated Feb 2008

Worms In Humans Human Body

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